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Env (gene)
''Env'' is a viral protein that serves to form the viral envelope. The expression of the ''env'' gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane.
Analysis of the structure and sequence of several different ''env'' genes suggests that Env proteins are type 1 fusion machines. Type 1 fusion machines initially bind a receptor on the target cell surface, which triggers a conformational change, allowing for binding of the fusion protein. The fusion peptide inserts itself in the host cell membrane and brings the host cell membrane very close to the viral membrane to facilitate membrane fusion.
While there are significant differences in sequence of the ''env'' gene between retroviruses, the gene is always located downstream of ''gag'', ''pro'', and ''pol''. The ''env'' mRNA must be spliced for expression.
The mature product of the ''env'' gene is the viral spike protein, which has two main parts: the surface protein (SU) and the transmembrane protein (TM). The tropism of the virus is determined by the SU protein domain because it is responsible for the receptor-binding function of the virus. The SU domain therefore determines the specificity of the virus for a single receptor molecule.〔
== Physical structure ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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